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Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA) is a key process of the quality management system, and arguably the most important one. It is useful, and even mandatory, for far more than its traditional application to poor quality. It is also useful for the resolution of audit findings, actions on outputs of management review meetings, resolution of customer complaints, and realization of opportunities. The Automotive Industry Action Group's CQI-20, Effective Problem Solving is a generally accepted and highly effective off-the-shelf CAPA process that should meet and exceed any organization's needs.
1. CAPA is a major source of ISO 9001 and IATF 16949 findings, and FDA Form 483 observations.
2. Supplier and customer processes of the CAPA process such as management review, internal audit, and external customers.
3. Application of CAPA to all seven wastes of the Toyota production system allows the removal of these wastes with consequent bottom-line financial and performance-related results.
4. CAPA requires organizational support as depicted in Appendix A of CQI-20. An overview of this will be provided.
5. CQI-20 is arguably more effective than Six Sigma’s DMAIC process and will work on a much wider range of problems and opportunities.
6. CQI-20 is a nine-step process, the elements of which will be provided.
7. The hatto (awareness or recognition), or Error Cause Removal (ECR) process is a much simpler process for problems or opportunities that can be resolved on the shop floor by the process owner.
8. Examples will be provided.
A good CAPA process can make the quality management system, and an inadequate one can break it. Deficient CAPA is a leading cause of ISO 9001 and IATF 16949 audit findings, as well as FDA Form 483 observations, and warning letter citations for medical device companies. The latter are escalations of observations, and deficient or absent CAPA is cited frequently in them. This comes as no surprise because, if the CAPA process is not adequate, comprehensive corrective action including identification and removal of root causes will not be taken for quality issues, audit findings (and failure to resolve an audit finding is itself a quality system nonconformance), customer complaints, and other issues. Actions to address risks and opportunities will also fall short. A good CAPA process will, on the other hand, help to not only resolve problems but also to drive continual improvement and contribute to the bottom line.
William A. Levinson, P.E., is the principal of Levinson Productivity Systems, P.C. He is an ASQ Fellow, Certified Quality Engineer, Quality Auditor, Quality Manager, Reliability Engineer, and Six Sigma Black Belt. He is also the author of several books on quality, productivity, and management, of which the most recent is The Expanded and Annotated My Life and Work: Henry Ford’s Universal Code for World-Class Success.